# Primary Sources on Copyright - Record Viewer
Gaultier's memorandum for the provincial booksellers, Lyon (1776)

Source: Bibliothèque nationale de France : Mss. Fr. 22073 n°144

Citation:
Gaultier's memorandum for the provincial booksellers, Lyon (1776), Primary Sources on Copyright (1450-1900), eds L. Bently & M. Kretschmer, www.copyrighthistory.org

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            Chapter 1 Page 2 of 123 total



The protests that some Booksellers of Paris are constantly pouring out at the feet
of the Courts and in the vicinity of the Administration, the unfavourable
prejudices that they endeavour to infiltrate among the Magistrates, have finally
caused alarm in the Book Trade of the Provinces. Had the plan perhaps been made to
annihilate it? The trade by which we have served our Fellow Citizens, following the
example of our Predecessors, and under the protection of the Minister and the Laws,
is it not but a reckless brigandage to which we are all equally complicit? In this
odious assumption, the sacrifice of our fortunes, and the removal of our shops,
would not be able to assuage the avid pretensions of our adversaries.
      When private interest, always prone to exclusive enjoyments, imagined the art
of the Privilege, this new kind of servitude imposed upon the whole Society, which
has no existence at all in Natural Right, it was very necessary to establish a
positive Jurisprudence to reconcile them, as much as it would be possible, with this
Right. What was this Jurisprudence? Wisdom and equity were the basis of it and
directed the Rules of it; their aim was, not only to secure the enjoyment of these
ideas for those who would have had them, but far much more to limit the term of one
and to restrict the effects of it. The Sovereign, persuaded that similar favours
would be an attack on general abilities, on rights and on communal benefits, limited
his prerogative himself, and did not want Privileges to be indeterminate, nor granted
arbitrarily and without motive.
      The Privileges of the Book Trade, which appear to have been the origin of these
acts of Sovereignty, at least in the form in common use nowadays, were first of all
subjected to these wise rules. It was forbidden, under penalty of nullity, to obtain
one for ancient Works, and to have continuations granted beyond the term fixed in the
Privilege, once it had been obtained; because, the Privilege can only be granted
equitably by way of real merit and, as a result, it should carry with it the complete
reward.
      In those happy times for our Book Trade, when these good laws were in force, a vast
domain was opening up in France to activity and industry. All the works of the Ancients,
without exception, and all the writings of the Moderns, which were not under the
guarantee and in the term of a Privilege, once it had been obtained, used to be part of
the communal enjoyment, to the great benefit of the Book Trade and public Instruction.
For, until the grievous epoch of the surprise Patent Letters in 1701, made by the
Booksellers of Paris, it was sufficient for the Booksellers of the Provinces to certify
the expiry of a Privilege before the Local Judges, in order to obtain from them the legal
Permission to print the Books which were the subject of it, and it can be seen from the
considerable number of Printing Houses which used to exist at that time, whether in the
Provinces, or in Paris, how much the Book Trade of the Kingdom used to flourish in those
days.
      In the Patent Letters of 1701, nothing was changed in the beneficiary Laws which
limited exclusive cupidity; but, through the devices of our enemies, it was forbidden in
them for the Royal Judges to grant permissions, from then on, to print any work exceeding
two pages; so that Permissions du Sceau* had to be substituted for Permissions from these
Judges.
      From then on the Booksellers of Paris, who had become masters of the territory, no
longer exercised any restraint towards the provinces; they inducted the Magistrates into
the Book Trade and their

________________________________

*) Permissions awarded by the keeper of the seals.

    


Les clameurs que des Libraires de Paris ne cessent de répandre aux pieds des
Tribunaux & dans les alentours de l'Administration, les préventions défavorables
qu'ils s'efforcent d'insinuer chez les Magistrats, ont enfin porté l'alarme dans la Li-
brairie des Provinces. Auroit-on formé le projet de l'anéantir ? Le commerce par lequel
nous avons servi nos Concitoyens, à l'exemple de nos Prédécesseurs, & sous la
protection du Ministere & des Loix, n'est-il qu'un brigandage téméraire dont nous
sommes tous également complices ? Dans cette odieuse supposition, le sacrifice de nos
fortunes, & l'enlèvement de nos magasins, ne pourroient assouvir les avides pré-
tentions de nos adversaires.
      Lorsque l'intérêt particulier, toujours enclin aux jouissances exclusives, imagina
l'art des Privilege, cette nouvelle espece de servitude imposée sur la Societé entiere,
n'ayant aucune existence dans le Droit Naturel, il fallut bien établir une Jurispru-
dence positive pour les concilier autant qu'il seroit possible, avec ce Droit. Quelle
fut cette Jurisprudence ? La sagesse & l'équité en furent la base & en dirigerent les
Réglements ; ils eurent pour but, nons seulement s'assurer la jouissance de ces conces-
sions à ceux qui les auroient obtenues, mais bien plus encore d'une limiter le terme
& d'en borner les effets. Le Souverain persuadé que de pareilles faveurs portoient
atteinte aux facultés générales, aux droits & aux avantages communes, borna lui-
même sa prérogative, & ne voulut pas que le Privileges fut indéterminé, ni accordé
arbitrairement & sans motifs.
      Les Privileges de Librairie, qui paroissent avoir été l'origine de ces actes de Souve-
raineté, au moins dans la forme usitée de nos jours, furent d'abord soumis à ces
sages régles. Il fut défendu à peine de nullité, d'un obtenir pour des Ouvrages anciens,
& de se faire octroyer des continuations au delà du terme fixé dans le Privilege une
fois obtenu ; en effet, le Privilege ne peut être accordé équitablement qu'à titre de
mérite réel, & il doit par conséquent en porter avec lui la récompense complette.
      Dans les temps heureux pour notre Librairie, où ces bonnes loix furent en vigueur,
un champ vaste s'ouvroit en France à l'activité & à l'industrie. Tous les ouvrages
des Anciens sans exception, & tous les écrits des Modernes, qui n'étoient pas sous la
garantie & dans le terme d'un Privilege une fois obtenu, appartenoient à la jouissance
commune, au grand avantage de la Librairie & de l'Instruction publique. En effet,
jusqu'à la funeste époque des Lettres-Patentes surprises en 1701, par les Libraires de
Paris, il suffisoit aux Libraires des Provinces, de certifier devant les Juges des lieux,
de l'échéance d'un Privilege, pour obtenir d'eux la Permission légale d'imprimer les
Livres qui en étoient l'objet, & on peut voir par le nombre considérable d'Imprimeries
qui existoient alors, soit dans les Provinces, soit à Paris, combien la Librairie du
Royaume fut alors florissante.
      Dans les Lettres-Patentes de 1701, rien ne fut changé aux Lois bienfaisantes
qui mettoient des bornes à la cupidité exclusive ; mais par l'artifice de nos ennemis, il y fut
défendu aux Juges Royayx d'accorder à l'avenir des permissions d'imprimer aucun
ouvrage excédant deux feuilles ; ensorte que les Permissions du Sceau durent être
substituées aux Permissions de ces Juges.
      Dès-lors les Libraires de Paris devenus maîtres du terrain ne garderent plus aucune
mesure envers les provinces ; ils investirent les Magistrats de la Librairie & leurs


    

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