# Primary Sources on Copyright - Record Viewer
Gaultier's memorandum for the provincial booksellers, Lyon (1776)

Source: Bibliothèque nationale de France : Mss. Fr. 22073 n°144

Citation:
Gaultier's memorandum for the provincial booksellers, Lyon (1776), Primary Sources on Copyright (1450-1900), eds L. Bently & M. Kretschmer, www.copyrighthistory.org

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            Chapter 1 Page 3 of 123 total




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Offices: in defiance of the Rules, they had themselves granted Privileges
and continuations with profusion, for all the ancient or modern Books. At
the same time they had Permissions du Sceau refused to the Booksellers of
the Provinces, which in respect of the Books whose unique legal Privilege
had expired, were to replace the Permissions of the Judges; there therefore
no longer remained any sustenance for the Book Trade of Province; deprived
of all the means of speculation and of trade, it rapidly fell into ruin,
and would have been altogether annihilated, if an enlightened Administration
had not come to its rescue.
      The Wise Laws which had restrained exclusive claims, were, so to speak,
annihilated by the multitude and the audacity of the infractions; illegal
titles increased excessively, were brazenly portrayed as real and Sacred
properties; these injustices were great, protected by private interest,
very difficult to destroy; the Minister did not attempt to eradicate them;
he believed it would suffice to return, in some way, to the Book Trade of
the Provinces, by way of tolerance, a freedom and an activity that it could
only find in good Laws put into force. Privileges, therefore, continued to
be granted to all applicants, without examination, without motives and
without foundation; but in reality, these vain Privileges were regarded as
simple non-exclusive Permissions, and these editions from the Provinces
were tolerated, because there could not be contraventions of titles without
value and contrary to the Law.
      So that the tolerance, of which we speak, did not undermine real and
justly acquired rights; a similar condescension is not presupposed in any
Administration. This tolerance consisted solely in suffering that the Trade
of the Provinces conserved the activity which it had enjoyed under the Law,
without forcing itself to abide by the formalities prescribed by this Law.
This remedy was necessary, as, on the one hand, through the Patent Letters
of 1701, the Book Trade of Province had been deprived of the specific
Permissions of its Judges, and on the other hand, it was not possible for
those involved to obtain them from the Chancellery without tearing down the
Obstacles put up by the Booksellers of Paris, and without causing the
annihilation, at the same time, of the innumerable Privileges which they
had illegally obtained over all the Books.
      It was therefore necessary, for the sake of printing in the Provinces,
that eyes were closed to the lack of form and title, as they had been closed
for the Capital regarding abusive Privileges; and in order to conserve the sad
remains of our Book Trade, the decision was taken to allow it to practise as
before, but without specific authorisation, on all Books which had once been
approved, which were not guaranteed by a legitimate Privilege and conforming
with the Laws.
      Such has been, in France, the Administration of the Book Trade in its
second epoch, that is to say, since the Patent Letters of 1701, until the
present day. Under the protection of this tolerance, the Trade of the Provinces
recovered some activity; but it never rose up to the point from which it had
been made to fall. What use is an uncertain and variable tolerance, which
sometimes closes its eyes, and sometimes opens them to throw out prohibitions;
which silently encourages and threatens aloud; which necessarily changes the
rules in the hands of each Administrator: under which the daring and
enterprising man overruns everything, whilst the industrious Merchant,
enlightened and honest, fears compromising himself, stifles his activity and
groans under the oppression; where the uneducated Citizen does not know if he
is innocent or guilty, and remains undecided on the justice or injustice of
everything that he may undertake? It is therefore very true that tolerance,
of whatever scope that it may be, never provides the Citizen with the security,
the freedom and the advantages that he enjoys under the protection of just
and precise laws; Oh! It would have been a lot to be desired for the national
Book Trade, that those imposed by justice and long experience had been allowed
to act.


    



(ij)

Bureaux: au mépris des Réglements, ils se firent accorder avec profusion, des Privileges
& des continuations pour tous les Livres anciens ou modernes. Ils firent refuser en même
temps aux Libraires de Provinces, les Permissions du Sceau qui à l'égard des Livres
dont l'unique Privilege légal étoit échu, devoient remplacer les Permissions des Juges:
il ne resta donc plus aucun aliment à la Librairie de Provicne ; privée de toues les
moyens de spéculation & de commerce, elle tomba rapidement en ruine, & auroit
été tout-à-fait anéantie, si une Administration éclairée ne fut venue à son secours.
      Les Sages Loix qui avoient mis un frein aux prétentions exclusives, étoient pour
ainsi dire annihilées par la multitude & la hardiesse des infractions ; les titres illé-
gaux multipliés à l'excès, étoient hardiment representés comme des propriétés réelles
et Sacrées; ces abus étoient grands, protégés par l'intérêt particulier, très-difficile à
détruire ; le Ministere ne tenta point de les déraciner ; il crut qu'il suffiroit de rendre
en quelque sorte à la Librairie des Provicnes, par la tolérance, une liberté & une
activité qu'elle ne devoit trouver que dans les bonnes Loix mises en vigueur. On
continua donc d'accorder des Privileges à tous requerants, sans examen, sans motifs,
sans fondement ; mais dans le fait, ces Privileges vains furent regardés comme des
simples Permissions non exclusives, & on toléra les éditions des Provinces, parce qu'il
ne pouvoit y avoir de contraventions à des titres sans valeur, & contraires à la Loi.
      En sorte que la tolérance dont nous parlons, ne portoit point atteinte à des droits
réels & justement acquis ; une pareille condescendance ne se suppose dans aucune
Administration. Cette tolérance consistoit uniquement à souffrir que le Commerce des
Province conservâts l'activité dont il avoit joui sous la Loi, sans s'astreindre aux
formalités prescrites par cette Loi. Ce remede étoit nécessaire, car d'un côté par les Lettres-
Patentes de 1701, on avoit privé la Librairie de Province, des Permissions particu-
lieres de ses Juges, & de l'autre, il ne lui étoit pas possible d'en obtenir en Chancellerie
sans arracher les Obstacles élevés par les Libraires de Paris, & sans faire anéantir en même
temps les Privileges innombrables qu'ils avoient illégalement obtenus sur tous les Livres.
      Il fallut donc pour les impression de Provinces, fermer les yeux sur le défaut de forme
& de titres, comme on les avoit fermés pour la Capitale, sur les Privileges abusifs ; &
pour conserver les tristes restes de notre Librairie, on prit le parti de la laisser s'exercer
comme auparavant, mais sans autorisation particuliere, sur tous les Livres une fois
approuvés, qui n'étoient pas garantis par un Privileges légitime & conforme aux Loix.
      Telle a été en France, l'Administration de la Librairie dans sa seconde époque, c'est-
à-dire, depuis les Lettres-Patentes de 1701, jusqu'à nos jours. A l'abri de cette
tolérance, le Commerce des Provinces reprit quelqu'activité ; mais jamais il ne s'éleva
au point dont on l'avoit fait décheoir. Que peut une tolérance incertaine & variable,
qui tantôt ferme les yeux, & tantôt les ouvre pour lancer les prohibitions; qui encourage
tacitement et ménace tout haut; qui change nécessairement de règle entre les mains de
chaque Administrateur : sous laquelle l'homme hardi & entreprenant envahit tout,
tandis que le Négociant industrieux, éclairé & honnête, craint de se compromettre,
enchaîne son activité & gémit dans l'oppression ; où le Citoyen peu instruit, ne sait
s'il est innocent ou coupable, & reste indécis sur la justice ou l'injustice de tout ce
qu'il peut entreprendre ? il est donc bien vrai que la tolérance de quelqu'étendue qu'elle
puisse être, ne procure jamais au Citoyen, la sécurité, la liberté & les avantages dont
il jouit sous la protection des lois justes et précises ; Eh ! qu'il auroit été à desirer
pour la Librairie nationale, qu'on eût laissé agir celles que la justice & une longue
expérience avoient dictées.


    

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